Cell monolayer integrity was examined using an electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system (Applied Biophysics, Troy, NY, USA) as described (7 (link),28 (link)–30 (link)). HUVECs (20,000 cells/well) were inoculated into 96W10idfECIS array plates (Applied Biophysics) pre-coated with 10 nM cysteine and 0.1% gelatin, and cultured in ECM. The resistance of each electrode was monitored at 4000 Hz. After culturing for 48 h, the resistance reached a plateau, indicating 100% confluence. Cells were treated with 2.5, 5, or 10 μM of Kyn or ILA. Additional cells were treated with the vehicle control (DMSO, 0.02% v/v). Changes in resistance were monitored for additional 25 h.