Genomic DNA was extracted according to Smith et al. (2009) (link), except for sperm DNA (Jeffreys et al. 1994 (link)). The Epitect kit (Qiagen) was used for bisulfite conversion of DNA, except for limited quantities (oocytes and embryos from E3.5 to E6.5) where DNA was embedded in agarose beads before processing for bisulfite conversion according to Proudhon et al. (2012) (link). Nested or seminested PCR was performed using the primers listed in Supplemental Table S1. PCR amplicons were gel-purified (Qiagen) and subsequently cloned in pCR2.1 Topo-TA vector (Invitrogen) before Sanger sequencing of at least 30 clones. BiQ Analyzer software was used for sequence alignments (Bock et al. 2005 (link)).