Protein co-IP assays were performed following the previously published protocol (62 (link)). Briefly, protein A/G magnetic beads (Cat. # 88802, Thermo Scientific) and anti-FLAG M2 magnetic beads (Cat. # M8823, Sigma-Aldrich) were washed with 1× RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail. Cellular lysates were precleared with the empty magnetic beads for 1 h at 4°C on a 360° tube rocker. The cell lysate was incubated with anti-FLAG M2 magnetic beads for pull-down of FLAG-Nsp14 protein at 4°C overnight with constant rotation. Protein immunocomplexes were washed by RIPA buffer and boiled in SDS loading buffer containing 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by protein immunoblotting. A normal mouse IgG antibody (Cat. # sc-2025, Santa Cruz) was used as the control in parallel.