Among the final sample (n = 1413) information on maternal weight at the time of birth was missing in 8.6% (n = 122), and information on height in 11.0% (n = 156) of women. We assumed that missing data had occurred at random, i.e., that missings were not influenced by unobserved data. We applied imputation procedures using the average of five iterations with IVEware [21 ]. Imputation of maternal height was based on migration status and age; imputations of maternal weight were based on migration status, age, and height. Results of an analysis without imputed data do not differ substantially from the results given in Table 1 and Table 2 (see appendix , Table 4 and Table 5 ).
Characteristics of the selected subsample of women, by migration status
| Turkish origin | Lebanese origin | Non-immigrants | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 133 | 72 | 1208 |
| Age in years *** 1) | |||
| Median (range) | 25 (18–45) | 24 (18–41) | 30 (18–44) |
| Highest educational level (%) *** 2) | |||
| No qualification/primary school | 36 (27.1%) | 14 (19.4%) | 28 (2.3%) |
| Secondary school | 72 (54.1%) | 34 (47.2%) | 530 (43.9%) |
| University / technical collage / vocational school / a-level vocational diploma | 25 (18.8%) | 24 (33.3%) | 650 (53.8%) |
| Body Mass Index at admission (%) n.s. 2) | |||
| BMI < 25 kg/m2 | 17 (12.8%) | 17 (23.6%) | 235 (19.5%) |
| BMI < 30 kg/m2 | 66 (49.6%) | 28 (38.9%) | 546 (45.2%) |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 50 (37.6%) | 27 (37.5%) | 427 (35.4%) |
| Oxytocic agent n.s. 2) | |||
| Yes (%) | 74 (55.6%) | 33 (45.8%) | 611 (50.6%) |
| Cervical dilatation * 2) | |||
| Median (range) in cm | 2 (0–8) | 2 (0–10) | 2 (0–10) |
| Active phase of labor (≥4 cm) in % | 21 (15.8%) | 19 (26.4%) | 315 (26.1%) |
| Delivery mode (%) ** 2) | |||
| Normal vaginal delivery | 75 (56.4%) | 52 (72.2%) | 685 (56.7%) |
| Vacuum extraction / forceps | 37 (27.8%) | 10 (13.9%) | 234 (19.4%) |
| Emergency cesarean delivery | 21 (15.8%) | 10 (13.9%) | 289 (23.9%) |
| Obstetric complications | All participants (1403) | ||
| HELLP-Syndrome | 6 (0.4%) | ||
| Eclampsia | 0 | ||
| Hemorrhage > 1000 ml | 23 (1.6%) | ||
| Sepsis | 0 | ||
| Cardiovascular complications | 0 | ||
| Uterine rupture | < 5 ** | ||
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
1) Kruskal-Wallis test
2) Chi-square test
** no detailed data due to data protection
Indications for cesarean delivery
| Rank | Turkish origin | N (%) | Lebanese origin | N (%) | Non-immigrant women | N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pathological CTG or auscultatory bad fetal heart tones | 40 (30.1) | Pathological CTG or auscultatory bad fetal heart tones | 17 (23.6) | Pathological CTG or auscultatory bad fetal heart tones | 317 (26.8) |
| 2 | Protracted labor/obstructed labor in the expulsion stage | 18 (13.5) | Green amniotic fluid | 5 (6.9) | Protracted labor/obstructed labor in the expulsion stage | 148 (12.3) |
| 3 | Protracted labor/obstructed labor in the dilation stage | 9 (6.8) | Chorioamnionitis syndrome | 4 (6.0) | Protracted labor/obstructed labor in the dilation stage | 72 (6.6) |
| 4 | Chorioamnionitis syndrome | 6 (4.5) | Protracted labor/obstructed labor in the dilation stage | 4 (6.0) | Green amniotic fluid | 43 (3.6) |
| 5 | Green amniotic fluid | 3 (2.3) | Protracted labor/obstructed labor in the expulsion stage | 4 (6.0) | Absolute or relative imbalance between child‘s head and mother‘s pelvis | 29 (2.4) |
Category “other birth risks” was not considered
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