An Agilent 7890B Gas Chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), coupled with a flame ionization detector [8 (link),23 (link)], was used to determine methanol, acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde-diethylacetal, esters (diethyl succinate, ethyl lactate, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, and ethyl tetradecanoate), and higher alcohols (isobutanol, n-propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, n-hexanol, and 2-phenylethanol). Standards were prepared in an ethanol/ultrapure water solution at the same alcoholic strength as the wines for the identification, based on their retention times, and quantification of the samples. For the ISTD (internal standard) for aldehydes and higher alcohols, 2-pentanol was used, and ethyl undecanoate was used for major esters. The samples were injected after distilling them at the same alcoholic strength. The results have been expressed as mg/L.
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