Methyl orange (C14H14N3SO3Na), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), concentrated ammonia (NH3·H2O), methanol (CH3OH), ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), powdered ferric tetroxide (Fe3O4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co, Ltd. and were analytically pure. The water used in the experiments was deionized water.
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