The autophagosomes were detected using MDC fluorescent staining kit (C3018S, Beyotime, Shanghai, China), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were cultured in 24-well plates and treated with a 1:1000 dilution of MDC for 30 min at 37 °C in the absence of light. Then, the cells underwent three consecutive washes with assay buffer. The degree of autophagy was assessed utilizing a fluorescence microscope (Leica, MHG, Germany).
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