Anti-protein and anti-polysaccharide serum antibodies were detected by indirect ELISA as described previously (12 (link),13 (link)). Briefly, Microlon high binding plates (Greiner Bio-One) were coated overnight at 4°C with either 10 ug/ml ovalbumin (Sigma) or S. pneumoniae serotype 14 polysaccharide (kindly supplied by John Schreiber, Tufts University, Boston, MA) diluted in PBS. Serial dilutions of serum were used to probe antigen bound plates. Detection was performed using biotinylated anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody (Jackson ImmunoLabs) and europium-conjugated streptavidin (PerkinElmer) followed by quantification by time-resolved fluorescence on a Victor3V Multilabel Counter using DELFIA Enhancement Solution according to the manufacturer’s protocol (PerkinElmer).