The total protein of each gill sample was extracted using a Protein Extraction Kit (Invent, USA), and the protein concentration was then determined using a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Merck, GER) [7 (link)]. Subsequently, NKA activity was measured using a Na+-K+-ATPase Kit (Jiancheng, CHN) according to the manufacturer’s instructions [7 (link)], and H+-K+-ATPase activity was measured following the protocol supplied by the manufacturer of the H+-K+-ATPase Kit (JianCheng, CHN). ATP content assays were performed using an ATP assay kit (Jiancheng, CHN), following the manufacturer’s instructions.
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