Thirty cell lines (Table 1) derived from different host species, including human (A549, HeLa, Hep2, Huh7, RD, Calu-3, Caco-2), monkey (Vero, LLC-MK2, VeroE6), bat (RsKT, RsLu, MdKi, RlKT, PaKi), swine (ST, SIEC, IBRS, LLC-PK1), dog (MDCK), mink (Mv.1.lu), hamster (BHK21, V79, CHO), rat (BRL, H9c2), and mouse (L929, MS1, SYF, FL83B), were tested for susceptibility and viral replication efficiency. All bat cells were developed in-house. RsKT and RlKT cells derived from R. sinicus and Rousettus, respectively, and PaKi cells derived from Pteropus were kindly provided by Linfa Wang (Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore). These are continuous cell lines that stably express the large T antigen of simian virus 40. ST cells were kindly provided by Shaobo Xiao (College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University). Other cell lines were obtained from the National Virus Resource Center of the Wuhan Institute of Virology (Wuhan, China). Depending on the cell type, cells were maintained in minimum Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), or DMEM–F-12 (all from Gibco), according to the supplier’s instructions. The cell lines were routinely tested for mycoplasma and were maintained mycoplasma free. The cells were maintained at 37°C in the presence of 5% CO2. MpCoV-GX (GenBank accession no. MT040334.1) was isolated in 2019 (14 (link)). A rabbit polyclonal antibody against SARSr-CoV Rp3 Np, which shares >90% amino acid identity with SARS-CoV-2, was developed in-house.