Protein lysates were obtained from WJ-MSC monolayers and homogenized in lysis buffer composed of a 1× protease inhibitor mix (Thermo Scientific). Protein concentration was determined (DC™ Protein Assay; BioRad), and a 50-μg protein concentration was loaded for SDS-PAGE and blotted on 0.45-μm pore nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were blocked and incubated with anti-SHH or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies. SHH western blots were carried out as previously described [53 (link)] using a 5E1 antibody (Hybridoma supernatant concentrated from Hybridoma Bank; dilution 1/1000). VEGF was detected using rabbit anti-VEGF (Abcam; ab46154; 1/1000). Different positive control samples were used for both proteins (see Results section). Antigens were detected via chemiluminescence using ECL solutions (SuperSignal™ West Pico or Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate; Thermo Scientific). Exposed X-ray films (Fujifilm) were analyzed with the Relative Pixel Intensity tool from ImageJ (NIH, USA).
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