Anopheles stephensi mosquitos were maintained, and feeding experiments were conducted as previously described in the standard membrane-feeding assay (SMFA) protocol (42 (link)). At the completion of co-culture, percent stage V gametocytemia was determined by a thin smear, and exflagellation per microliter from 25% hematocrit culture was counted on a Nexcelom cellometer for each condition. All test conditions in an experiment were adjusted to the same percent stage V gametocytemia (0.1% to 0.4 % unless specified otherwise), in 200 µL of 50% hematocrit culture and fed to 4- to 5-day-old mosquitos. The percent stage V gametocytemia, exflagellation number, and feed gametocytemia in each experiment are shown in Table S1. After 8 days of maintenance, oocysts in the midguts of 20 mosquitoes for each test group were enumerated as previously described (42 (link)).