Chemotaxis assays were carried out as described previously45 (link),51 (link), using 96-well transwell plates with 5 μm pores (Corning). CXCR5+ CD8+, CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B lymphocytes as well as CXCR5- CD3+ T cells were sorted from patient PBMCs and rested overnight in complete medium. 2.5 x 104 cells were seeded onto upper wells in 100 μl medium. The bottom wells contained 235 μl PBS with or without 1 μg/ml recombinant human CXCL13 (R&D). After 3 hrs, 50 μl Precision Count Beads™ (Biolegend) were added and transmigrated cells were counted by flow cytometry. Cell numbers were calculated using the following formula: absolute cell count = cell count / bead count x total bead concentration. The chemotactic index was calculated as the ratio of transmigrated CXCR5+ cells over transmigrated CXCR5- control T cells.