The primary outcome was IOH, which was defined as a core temperature of < 36 °C at any time during the perioperative procedure. The candidate influencing factors are described as follows:

Demographic and baseline characteristics included sex, age, BMI, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, and diabetes mellitus (possibly combined with impaired thermoregulation)9 (link).

Surgery information: surgical site (thyroid, abdominal, or thoracic), blood loss, warmed or unwarmed irrigation fluid, and volume. Abdominal surgery included general, gynecological, and urological surgeries.

Anesthesia information included the volume of warmed intravenous fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and duration of anesthesia.

Other information included anesthesia induction time in the morning (8 a.m. to noon), afternoon (noon to 6 p.m.), or evening (6 p.m. to 10 p.m.); baseline core temperature, and the operating room ambient temperature.

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