Tissues were processed as described previously (12 (link)). Briefly, rat hearts were excised after hemodynamic data collection under anesthesia and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. Human tissue was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Tissues were cryo-preserved using 30% sucrose and embedded in OCT (TissueTek). Sections were cut to 7µm, using a commercial cryostat, and stained for isolectin B4 (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), α-SMA (Sigma), sarcomeric-α-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA), anti-human nuclei (Millipore; Billerica, MA), or c-kit+ (BD Biosciences) primary antibodies. For Isl-1 staining, the cells were fixed with 4% PFA, permeabilized, overnight incubated with Isl-1 antibody (R & D Systems), incubated with FITC labeled secondary antibody. Cells and tissue sections were counterstained with DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) nuclear stain (Sigma; St Louis, MO).