The WT and mdx mice were sacrificed by inhalation of carbon dioxide overdose, causing rapid unconsciousness and death [14 ]. VSMCs were isolated as previously described [4 (link)]. The isolated VSMCs were cultured in a humidified atmosphere (37 °C) and for eight–ten days after plating before experimentation. A VSMCs phenotype was confirmed by validating the expression of muscle myofilament proteins (α-smooth muscle actin and β-tropomyosin) using Western blotting [13 (link)]
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