The expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes were evaluated using a real-time TaqMan reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), as previously described.7 (link) rBMMSCs were cultured on sample discs for 3, 7, 14, or 21 days. Total RNA was isolated using an RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Venlo, the Netherlands) and aliquots (10 μL) of each RNA sample were reverse-transcribed into cDNA using a PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (TaKaRa Bio, Shiga, Japan). The mRNA levels of the osteogenesis-related genes encoding ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and osteopontin (OPN) were quantified using the StepOne™ Plus RT-PCR System (Life Technologies). ALP and Runx2 expressions were measured at 3 and 7 days, while BMP and OPN expressions were measured at 14 and 21 days. Relative gene expression levels in each group were calculated using the ΔΔCt method and were normalized to that of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).