Differential Diagnosis of Arboviral Infections

Presence of the following clinical features were assessed: maculopapular rash, itching, edema, macular rash, enanthema, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, conjunctival hyperemia, oropharyngeal pain, earache, nasal congestion, purpura, fever, vomiting, hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, headache, taste alteration, bleeding, prostration, lightheadedness, chills, myalgia, dyspnea, low back pain, cough, coryza diarrhea, gingivorrhagia, sweating, petechiae, hoarseness, choluria, dysuria, photophobia, retro-orbital pain and epistaxis. These signs and symptoms were evaluated in the first medical visit by history and clinical examination recorded in structured case report forms. Data on signs and symptoms present on the first or second clinic visit within the first week of disease was collected.
Confirmatory diagnosis of infection for ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV was made by real time PCR test of blood or urine specimens obtained during the same time period [10 (link)]. Dual or triple co-infections were excluded from analysis. Other febrile illnesses (OFI) were diagnosed based on negatives PCR results for all circulating arbovirus. Patients included before 2015 and those who tested negative for ZIKV by RT-PCR were classified as Zika-negative.