We obtained rat CSCs from the hearts of WKY rats as described in previously published papers12 (link),26 (link),27 (link). Briefly, hearts were minced into fragments less than 2 mm3, followed by digestion with collagenase and then seeded onto fibronectin-coated plates to create explant-derived cells. In about 14 days, explant-derived cells were harvested and seeded in ultralow attachment flasks (Corning Life Sciences, Durham, NC) and grown in suspended culture for cardiosphere formation. CSCs were obtained by replating cardiospheres on fibronectin-coated plates.