EAE was induced by immunization female mice with MOG35–55 peptide emulsified in CFA (Difco Laboratories) at a dose of 100µg (C57BL/6 and F1 mice) or 150µg (NOD mice) per mouse, followed by the administration of pertussis toxin (150 ng per mouse; List biological laboratories, Inc.) on days 0 and 2 as described14 (link). Clinical signs of EAE were assessed according to the following score: 0, no signs of disease; 1, loss of tone in the tail; 2, hind limb paresis; 3, hind limb paralysis; 4, tetraplegia; 5, moribund.GCV (APP Pharmaceuticals), or vehicle control (PBS) was administered daily (25mg/kg, subcutaneously) 7 days before EAE induction and continued for the duration of the acute phase (day 15), or only during the progressive/chronic phase (day 30–50). LacCer (Matreya LLC) or vehicle (10% DMSO), were administered at a dose of 10µg per mouse together with the MOG35–55 peptide to C57BL/6J mice during EAE induction, and also intraperitoneally (i.p.) every other 3 days henceforth. LacCer or vehicle administration to NOD mice were initiated 35 days after disease induction at a dose of 10µg per mouse given i.p. every 3 other days. PDMP (Matreya LLC) or vehicle control (5% tween-80), were administered at day 40 after EAE induction twice a day with 20mg/kg given i.p. for the duration of the experiment.