Unlabeled nucleotides were purchased from GE Healthcare. Labeled nucleotides [α32P]-Cordycepin (3′-dATP; 3000 Ci/mmol) and [γ32P]-ATP (3000 Ci/mmol) were obtained from Perkin Elmer Life Sciences. Substrates were radiolabeled at the 3′ end with [α32P]-Cordycepin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) or at the 5′ end with [γ32P]-ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4PNK), as indicated. TdT, T4PNK, Escherichia coli uracil DNA Glycosylase (UDG), E. coli EndoIII (EndoIII), human AP endonuclease I (hAPE1) and Ribonuclease HII (RNaseHII), were from New England Biolabs. Thrombin was obtained from Novagen. BsuKu and BsuLigD were purified as described (25 (link)). The N-terminal Ligase domain (LigDom, residues 1–320) of BsuLigD was purified as described (26 (link)).