Forty healthy, adult dogs, twenty-two males and eighteen females of three breeds (17 Labrador Retrievers, 8 Beagles, and 15 Norfolk Terriers), with a mean age of 4.1 years (ranging from 1.2 to 9.4 years) participated in the study. All dogs were housed in pairs within kennels at the Waltham Petcare Science Institute (Leicestershire, UK) with free access to indoor and outdoor environments. Dogs were provided with comprehensive training and socialization programs, adjusted to the needs of the individual dogs as per the Institute's pet keeping requirements. Prior to the study, dogs were habituated to the testing environments and associated equipment and underwent appropriate training to facilitate sample collections (e.g., blood samples). Dogs were weighed to establish an accurate dose of CBD relative to individual bodyweight. The targeted oral dose for each dog was 4 mg/kg bodyweight with an acceptable range of 3.38–4.44 mg/kg bodyweight (40 (link)). This study was approved by the Waltham Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (80265) and conducted under the authority of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
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