Astroglial Glutamate Regulation by Cystine

All experiments were designed equal sizes (n = 6) per groups. All values were expressed as mean ± SD. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The microdialysis study were compared by linear mixed effects model (LME) using SPSS for Windows (ver 25, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test using BellCurve for Excel (Social Survey Research Information Co., Tokyo, Japan), when the F-value of LME was significant. To represent the statistical significance of drug factor compared with LME and Tukey’s post hoc test, the data (levels of L-glutamate) was expressed as the area under the curve (AUC_{20–180 min}) values. Effects of AMA on L-cystine-induced astroglial releases of L-glutamate and D-serine were two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test (BellCurve for Excel). Concentration-dependent effects of AMA on astroglial Sxc activity and glutathione synthesis of primary cultured astrocytes were analyzed by logistic regression analysis (BellCurve for Excel). Interaction between glutamate receptor antagonists (AMA, MK801 and PER) and CO on intra-astroglial glutathione level was analyzed by two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test (BellCurve for Excel).