In each case, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections of the chorioamniotic membranes roll (n=1), umbilical cord (n=1), and placental disc (n=3) were examined. Pathologists were masked to the clinical diagnosis except for the gestational age at delivery. The diagnosis of CCA was made when lymphocytic infiltration into the chorionic trophoblast layer or chorioamniotic connective tissue was observed. The severity of CCA was scored based upon on two parameters. The extent of inflammation was graded 0 when there was no inflammation, 1 when there were more than two foci of or patchy inflammation, and 2 when diffuse inflammation was present. The stage of inflammation was scored as stage 1 if amniotropic lymphocytic infiltration was limited to the chorionic trophoblast layer sparing the chorioamniotic connective tissue, and stage 2 if lymphocytic infiltration into the chorioamniotic connective tissue was noted. Histopathological screening for other lesions of the placenta was performed according to the diagnostic criteria proposed by the Perinatal Section of the Society for Pediatric Pathology. Such classification encompasses lesions consistent with amniotic fluid infection, maternal vascular underperfusion, and fetal vascular obstruction.10 (link),25 (link),26 (link) The diagnosis of chronic deciduitis with plasma cells was given when lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate was present in the decidua of the basal plate.27 (link)