As previously described [46 (link)], total RNA was extracted with RNAiso Plus solution (TAKARA, Dalian, China, 9109), and cDNAs were synthesized using a PrimeScrip RT reagent Kit (TAKARA, RR037A). Quantitative Real-time PCR was performed on Thermo Scientific QuantStudio 3 Real-Time PCR System using FastStart Universal SYBR Green Master (Roche Life Science, Mannheim, Germany, 04913914001). The data were analyzed using the comparative threshold cycle (ΔΔCt) method and normalized to Gapdh. All PCR primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S2.
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