Activation of the hIR was assessed by immunoblotting as previously described54 (link). L6 myoblasts overexpressing IR-A were stimulated with 10 nM insulin or mini-Ins for different times. Cell lysates were subjected to reducing 10 % SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose and immunoblotted with the PathScan® Multiplex Western Cocktail I (Cell Signaling Technology #5301) against pAkt (Ser473), pERK1/2 (Thr202, Tyr204) and mouse anti-β-tubulin (Invitrogen #32–2600). Total Akt and ERK1/2 levels do not change over the time course measured (not shown). The β-tubulin was used as a loading control and pAkt and pERK1/2 were normalized against this control. Quantification of the blots was achieved using the Image Studio Lite quantification software. Activation was expressed as a percentage of the response to insulin at 10 min.