Differentiated hiPSC-CMs grown in a monolayer were loaded with Fura-2 AM (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA) at 1 μM in phenol red-free RPMI + B27 for 10 minutes at room temperature, then washed twice and allowed to de-esterify for 10 minutes at 37°C. Isoproterenol was used at a concentration of 10 nM, as previously described [23 (link)–25 (link)]. Experiments were carried out at 37°C using the IonOptix myocyte calcium and contractility system (IonOptix, Westwood, MA). Ratiometric calcium transient curves were fitted and analyzed using a custom MATLAB script.