One hour before the initiation of the physical restraint, the animals received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of α-lactose (300 mM, 300 μl/20 g body weight; Sigma, Darmstadt, Germany) [28 (link)] or autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (20 mM, 300 μl/20 g body weight, Selleck, Houston, USA) [29 (link)] in 300 μl of sterile saline or 1 μl of solvent control (DMSO) in 300 μl sterile saline for the controls. After physical restraint, mice were sacrificed and blood samples and spleen specimens were collected for further analyses.
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