The HDL (2 mg/mL) was mixed with fructose (final 250 mM) in potassium phosphate/0.02% sodium azide buffer (pH 7.4) in the presence and absence of rHDL following the previously described method [17 (link)]. The mixture was incubated for 4 h at 37 °C in 5% atmospheric CO2. The degree of advanced glycation reactions was evaluated by monitoring the fluorescent intensity using a spectrofluorometer (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA) at the excitation wavelength of 370 nm and emission wavelength of 440 nm following the previously described method [36 (link)].
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