Prescription Opioid Use During Pregnancy

Consistent with prior research [8 (link), 9 , 34 (link)], any prescription opioid use is a dichotomous indicator of whether a respondent reported using any prescription opioids during their most recent pregnancy. Respondents were asked, “During your most recent pregnancy, did you use any of the following prescription pain relievers?”: (a) hydrocodone (like Vicodin®, Norco®, or Lortab®), (b) codeine (like Tylenol® #3 or #4, not regular Tylenol®), (c) oxycodone (like Percocet®, Percodan®, OxyContin®, or Ultracet®), (d) tramadol (like Ultram® or Ultracet®), (e) hydromorphone or morpheridine (like Demorol®, Exalgo®, or Dilaudid®), (f) oxymorphone (like Opana®), (g) morphine (like MS Contin®, Avinza® or Kadian®), or (h) fentanyl (like Duragesic®, Fentora®, or Actiq®). Respondents who answered affirmatively to using any of these prescription opioids during pregnancy were coded as a value of 1; those who did not indicate any use of these prescription opioids were coded as 0.