To express the fusion protein HR1-L6-HR2, the nucleotide sequence encoding the MERS-CoV HR2 region (residues 1,245–1,289) was attached to the 3′ end of the HR1 region (residues 984–1,062) with a short linker (L6: SGGRGG) in between by overlapping PCR as previously described for constructing SARS-CoV (or HIV-1) 6-HB (ref. 25 (link)). The whole sequence was subcloned into the pET-28a vector with an artificial SUMO-tag. The pET-28a-SUMO-HR1-L6-HR2-transformed E. coli cells were induced with 1 mM IPTG, incubated overnight at 16 °C and purified by Ni-NTA affinity resin (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). His-SUMO-tag was cleaved off with Ulp1 enzyme at 4 °C for 2 h. The purified HR1-L6-HR2 was applied onto a Superdex-75 gel filtration column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA). Fractions containing HR1-L6-HR2 trimer were collected and concentrated by ultrafiltration53 .