O2•− producing MDRC were detected by flow cytometry after staining with myeloid cell-specific antibodies and incubation for 20 min at RT with dihydroxyethidium (DHE, 10 μM; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) as described before 32 (link). The specificity of DHE for O2•− was validated by inducing a respiratory burst in the sorted myeloid cells by incubation at 37°C for 15 min with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 1 μg/ml) or PMA + the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI, 1 μM; Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK) , in presence of superoxide dismutase (256mU/ml, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) or in presence or absence of 10μM Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA) or in the presence or absence of 5 μM NF- κB activation inhibitor II, JSH-23 ( Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA ).