Polar fraction analysis were carried out following Valledor, et al. [84 (link)] protocol with some minor changes on a triple quad instrument (TSQ Quantum GC; Thermo). In brief, 1 µL of sample was injected, and GC separated into a HP-5MS capillary column (30 m 0.25 mm) (Agilent Technologies). Oven temperature was increased from 80 °C to 200 °C at a 3 °C per min rate and then reduced to 25 °C at 10 °C per min and maintained at 25 °C for 3 min, followed by 4 min of post-run conditions at 30 °C. Mass spectrometer was operated in electron impact (EI) mode at 70 eV in a scan range of m/z 40–600. The identification of metabolites was based on the spectral characteristics and GC retention times of each individual metabolite through its comparison with the retention times and spectral characteristics of standards available in our in-house library and in Golm Metabolome Database [86 (link)].
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