Cells were incubated in HBSS containing CYTO-ID (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY) and Hoechst (0.1μg/mL) (Immunochemistry Technologies) for 40 min. Thereafter, autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AV/AL) fluorescence was measured using a Biotek FLx800 plate reader (excitation 485 nm/emission 528 nm). Values were normalized to Hoechst fluorescence. CYTO-ID staining in cells was observed with a deconvolution microscopy system (Delta Vision imaging system, GE Healthcare Life-Sciences). The use of CYTO-ID to measure autophagy has been validated in previous reports (Guo et al 2015 (link); Chan et al. 2012 (link)).