The following antibodies were used for immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation and immunostaining: anti-BRCA1 (Ab-1) (Catalog#OP92) mouse mAb (MS110) (Calbiochem, EMD Millipore), anti-pol β, anti-phospho-histone H2A.X (Ser139) clone JBW301 (Millipore, # 05–63), Alexa Fluor 555 Goat anti-mouse antibody (Red) (H+L) (Life Technology, #A-21422), anti-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibody (14C10) rabbit mAb (Cell Signaling Technology, # 2118). For chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay: H3K9me3 (Millipore, #07–523), H3K4me3 (Millipore, # 07–473) and anti-CENP-A. Pol β antibodies were kindly provided by Dr. Samuel H. Wilson (Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS). CENP-A antibodies were previously described (30 (link)).