The WVS was used to measure the frequency of workplace violence experienced by the study participants in the past 12 months. The scale consists of five dimensions: physical assault, emotional abuse, threat, verbal sexual assault, and sexual assault. Each item ranged from 0 to 3, reflecting the frequency of participants’ exposure to WPV (0 = zero times, 1 = 1 time, 2 = 2 or 3 times, and 3 = more than 3 times). The total score is the sum of the items and ranges from 0 to 15, with higher scores implying more frequent exposure to WPV (Peek-Asa et al., 1998 (link)). WVS has been shown to have good reliability and validity among Chinese medical professionals, with a Cronbach coefficient of 0.92 in one study (Wang et al., 2006 (link)). In this study, the Cronbach coefficient was 0.80.
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