Respiratory and sperm cell samples were treated and incubated with primary and secondary antibodies as reported in previous studies (Omran and Loges, 2009 (link); Cindrić et al., 2019 (link); Aprea et al., 2021a (link)). Antibodies and their applied dilutions are listed in Supplementary Table S2. Cell nuclei were stained using Hoechst33342 (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, United States). Samples were mounted in DAKO fluorescence mounting medium (Dako North America Inc., Carpinteria, United States). IF images were taken with a Zeiss AxioObserver Z1 Apotome (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany) or Laser Scanning Microscope LSM 880 (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany). Images were processed and exported using the ZEISS ZEN Imaging Software 2012 (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) and figure panels created with the Adobe Creative Suite CS5 (Adobe Systems, San José, United States).
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