Informed consent of procedural modalities and risks was collected from each patient. GDS placement was performed under conscious sedation. The stricture was identified endoscopically, and the guidewire was passed through the stenosis. After confirming the location and length of duodenal stenosis using a contrast medium, the duodenal stent was positioned across the stricture under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. Stent type and length were chosen according to stricture site and length. A WallFlex DS (6, 9, or 12 cm in length, 22 mm in body diameter; Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA), Niti-S DS (covered or uncovered types 6, 8, 10, or 12 cm in length, 22 mm in body diameter; Taewoong Medical, Seoul, Korea), or Evolution DS (6, 9, or 12 cm in length, 22 mm in body diameter; Cook Medical, Winston-Salem, NC, USA) was selected based on the physician’s judgment. Finally, the stent was deployed, and its patency was confirmed by injecting a contrast medium.