Using Institutional Review Board-approved clinical protocols and after obtaining written informed consent, flexible bronchoscopy was performed to collect large airway epithelial cells by brushing the epithelium of healthy nonsmokers (5 (link)). Pure populations of basal cells (BC) were obtained and characterized as previously described (5 (link)). Both primary and immortalized (BCi-NS1.1 cells) BC were maintained in Bronchial Epithelial Growth Media (BEGM, Lonza, Walkersville, MD) and passaged by seeding at a cell density of 3000 cells/cm2 in BEGM (40 (link)).