Joint macrophages were prepared and filtered with a cell strainer. F4/80 macrophages were used as pan-macrophage markers, iNOS was used as a marker of M1 macrophages and CD206 was used as a marker of M2 macrophages [18 (link),31 (link),32 (link)]. Surface staining was performed using the following monoclonal antibodies: anti-F4/80 FITC (eBioscience), anti-CD206 PE (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-iNOS allophycocyanin was purchased from BD Biosciences. For intracellular staining of iNOS, Cell Stimulation Cocktail (a cocktail of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, ionomycin, brefeldin A and monensin from eBioscience) was added and cultured for the last 5 hours before flow cytometric analysis as previously described [25 (link)].
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