T1-weighted imaging and diffusion imaging data were obtained using the same protocol at either the Aberdeen study site (3T Philips Achieva TX-series MRI system Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands) or the Dundee study site (Siemens 3T Prisma-FIT Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). T1 scans were processed using FreeSurfer 5.3.0 and the Desikan–Killiany atlas [22 (link)] was used for subcortical segmentation and cortical parcellation. FA and MD for white matter tracts were derived using TBSS toolkit within FSL following the ENIGMA DTI analysis protocol (http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/protocols/dti-protocols/). The John Hopkins University white matter atlas [23 (link)] was used to define white matter tracts. Full details on image acquisition and quality control measures are described in the Supplementary Materials and elsewhere [20 (link), 24 (link), 25 (link)].
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