After transduction of Tat-Trx1 protein, protein extraction was performed using cell lysis buffer (RIPA; ELPIS BIOTECH, Daejeon, Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then, equal amount of proteins were loaded into 15% SDS-PAGE and electrotransferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The membrane was blocked with TBS-T (25 mM Tris-HCl, 140 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.5) buffer containing 5% non-fat dry milk or BSA for 1 h. After being washed with TBS-T buffer, the membrane was incubated with the indicated primary antibodies and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Then the membranes were washed with TBS-T buffer three times and the protein bands were identified using chemiluminescent reagents as recommended by the manufacturer (Amersham, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) (Shin et al., 2014 (link); Jegal et al., 2019 (link)).