Protein expression was measured by Western blot as previously described (Siti et al., 2021 (link)). Anti-phospho-ERK1/2 rabbit polyclonal (1:1,000) (#4377), anti-phospho-JNK1/2 rabbit monoclonal (1:1,000) (#4668), and anti-phospho-p38 mouse monoclonal (1:500) (sc-166182; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, United States) were the primary antibodies used in this study. β-Actin mouse monoclonal antibodies (1:500) (sc-47778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, United States) served as the loading control. HRP-conjugated IgG anti-mouse (1:2000) (sc-516102; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, United States) was used as the secondary antibody. Blots were visualized on a gel doc system and analyzed with ImageJ software (U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States). A minimum of three biological replicates was performed in triplicate (n = 3).
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