Four-week-old WT mice were fed a GuD for four weeks and then divided into four groups (n = 4–6 per group). The rIL-18 intervention procedure was adopted from the studies by Seregin SS et al.76 (link) and Levy M et al.22 (link) From days 29 to 31, two groups received either recombinant mouse interleukin-18 (rIL-18, 1 µg/mouse; BioLegend), and another two groups received vehicle (veh.) intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 2 days of last injection, experimental groups were either switched to DSS (1.4% w/v) containing water (GuD+ veh. + DSS and GuD+ rIL-18+ DSS) or continued on regular water (GuD+ veh.+ water and GuD+ rIL-18+ water). After 7 days of DSS administration, mice were euthanized to collect samples for analyzing colitis markers. Mice were maintained on the GuD throughout the study.