Western blotting was conducted according to a protocol described elsewhere (19 (link)). Proteins of interest were investigated with the primary antibodies to p-AMPK (ab133448), AMPK (ab207442) from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), p-Akt (Thr-308, 13038), Akt (9272), p-IRS-1 (Ser1101, 2385S), p-IRS-1 (Ser302, 2384S), IRS-1 (2382), p-CREB (9198S) and CREB (9197S) from the Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, USA). The signal was detected with chemiluminescent detection system (E412-01-AA, Western Lightning ECL; Vazyme). The signal was collected with a CCD camera system (Light-Capture; ATTO, Tokyo, Japan) and the statistical analysis was conducted with the ImageJ program.
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