Human gastric cancer and normal gastric organoids were cultured as described earlier and were passaged twice a week with a split ratio of 1:2/1:3.20 (link) Treatment with chemotherapeutics was performed 24 hours after seeding using 5-FU, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, epirubicin and docetaxel. Selected organoids were treated with trastuzumab (Herceptin, Roche), palbociclib (No S1116, Selleckchem) and imatinib (No ST1571, Selleckchem). Further information is given in the online supplementary methods.