Chemicals Indium (III) chloride (InCl 3 , Sigma Aldrich), tin chloride (SnCl 2 , Sigma Aldrich), bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO 3 ) 3 Á 5H 2 O), vanadyl acetyl acetonate (VO(acac) 2 , Sigma Aldrich), molybdenum chloride (MoCl 5 , Sigma Aldrich), Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Sigma Aldrich), (3-acryloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS, 96%, Gelest), sulforhodamine -B (Sigma Aldrich), diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (Sigma Aldrich), ammonium acetate (Sigma Aldrich), nitric acid (HNO 3 , VWR), hydroquinone (99%, Sigma Aldrich), and absolute ethanol (VWR) were used without further treatment.
Sol-gel formulation for glass 3D printing 37.65 g of TEOS was mixed with 3.15 g of APTMS and mixed with a hydrolysis solution. The hydrolysis solution consists of 7.64 g of absolute ethanol, 2.95 g of deionized water, and 1.18 g of 1 wt% solution of HNO 3 . The mixture was stirred in a round bottom flask for 1 hour. After 1 hour, to the above mixture, a condensation solution comprising 65% ethanol in DI water (24.46 g) and TPO (1.118 g), and ammonium acetate (0.37 g) was mixed dropwise and stirring continued for another 45 minutes. Finally, 0.04 g of hydroquinone and 0.15 g of sulforhodamine -B were added and the mixture was chilled in an ice bath for 5 minutes. The resulting mixed was immediately transferred to the printing bath for 3D printing.
Sol-gel formulation for glass 3D printing 37.65 g of TEOS was mixed with 3.15 g of APTMS and mixed with a hydrolysis solution. The hydrolysis solution consists of 7.64 g of absolute ethanol, 2.95 g of deionized water, and 1.18 g of 1 wt% solution of HNO 3 . The mixture was stirred in a round bottom flask for 1 hour. After 1 hour, to the above mixture, a condensation solution comprising 65% ethanol in DI water (24.46 g) and TPO (1.118 g), and ammonium acetate (0.37 g) was mixed dropwise and stirring continued for another 45 minutes. Finally, 0.04 g of hydroquinone and 0.15 g of sulforhodamine -B were added and the mixture was chilled in an ice bath for 5 minutes. The resulting mixed was immediately transferred to the printing bath for 3D printing.
