Examining Cell Death Mechanisms

Purified LPS was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA). AT-406 was synthesized as described^{65 (link)}. Flag-M2 antibodies, Flag-M2 beads, necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), cycloheximide (CHX), thapsigargin (THAP), propidium iodide (PI) and (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). JNK inhibitor II (SP600125) and DMSO were purchased from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA). Annexin V-Cy5 was obtained from BD-Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ). Recombinant GM-CSF was purchased from R&D (Minneapolis, MN, USA). z-VAD-FMK was obtained from Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland). Recombinant mouse and human TNF were purchased from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). Recombinant mouse IFNβ was purchased from PBL Assay Science (Piscataway, NJ, USA). BV6 was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX). Recombinant human Fas ligand (FLAG-FasL) was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA). CellTiter-Glo^® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay was purchased from Promega (Fitchburg, Wisconsin). Lipofectamine 2000 was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Constructs of p38α MAPK and active MKK3 (MKK3b(Glu¹⁸⁹, Glu¹⁹³)) were gifts of Dr. Jiahuai Han (Xiamen University, China).