Anti-phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-NF-κB p65 rabbit pAb was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). IκBα monoclonal antibody (mAb), His mAb, and Flag mAb were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). GAPDH mAb, tubulin mAb, VEGF mAb, smooth muscle actin (SMA) pAb, horseradish-peroxidase-labeled goat anti-mouse and goat anti-rabbit IgG were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz). Western blotting was carried out as described previously (46 (link),47 (link)). IMD 0354, an IKKβ inhibitor, was obtained from Selleck Chemicals (Shanghai, China).