Activation of PI3K was achieved by a transduction peptide (PTD4-PI3KAc) with the following sequence: YARAAARQARAGSDGGpYMDMS [29 (link),46 (link)–48 (link)]. This is a cell membrane permeable phosphopeptide composed of a transduction domain of the tat family [48 (link)] fused to a SH2 interacting domain that allows the activation of the class I PI3K independently from tyrosine kinase dimerization [29 (link),48 (link)–49 (link)]. Peptides were purchased either from GenScript (NJ, USA) or BioPeptide (FR). GSK3 inhibitors: SB-415286 and AR-A014418 [50 (link)–52 (link)] were from Tocris, UK (ref. 1617) and from Sigma, USA (ref. A3230), respectively.
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